Angular Routing

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Angular Routing

Objectives

Incorporate an organized folder structure into an Angular app
Use a configuration block to add routing to an app
Retrieve route params from within a controller
Compare hashbang mode to HTML5 mode when configuring the router

Note, we'll be building upon the Star Wars app from the Angular Services codealong

Refactoring the Star Wars App

You'll probably notice soon that placing all of our controllers and services into app.js will soon become disorganized. So let's refactor the Star Wars app from earlier. Let's follow this layout.

- app
  - app.js
  - controllers.js
  - services.js
- views
- index.html

This will work for our examples in class, but for more complex apps, you will want to look at file structures that compartmentalize your app even more.

Now, let's move everything out of app.js so that we have three modules. We'll be injecting these modules like so:

inject ngResource into StarWarsServices
inject StarWarsServices into StarWarsCtrls
inject StarWarsCtrls into StarWarsApp

Whew! That's a lot of dependency injection. While beyond the scope of our Angular unit, injecting dependencies makes testing in Angular easier, because we can mock different dependencies if needed by defining test dependencies (this would be very useful for "faking" API calls).

app.js

angular.module('StarWarsApp', ['StarWarsCtrls'])

controllers.js

angular.module('StarWarsCtrls', ['StarWarsServices'])

// place your controllers down here

services.js

angular.module('StarWarsServices', ['ngResource'])

// place your services down here

Also, make sure to change and include those script files in index.html

<script src="app/app.js"></script>
<script src="app/services.js"></script>
<script src="app/controllers.js"></script>

Moving on, let's add routing to our app.

Using the AngularUI Router

We'll be using the popular ui.router module for routing our application.

The CDN link you'll need in index.html:

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular-ui-router/0.2.18/angular-ui-router.js"></script>

You'll probably notice that this is a dependency, and it'll need to be injected into our app.

In app/app.js:

var app = angular.module('StarWarsApp', ['StarWarsCtrls', 'ui.router']);

And lastly, we'll need a way to switch out templates and controllers on our index page. For now, let's replace the contents of <body></body> with the following:

In index.html:

<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div ui-view></div>
  </div>
</body>

The ui-view directive will help complement our routes by including the template and controller of the current route. Whenever a route changes, the contents of ui-view are replaced with the new template and controller.

But we need routes! And controllers! And views! We already have the controller, so let's set up the view. In app/views, we'll create a template called films.html to list out all the films.

`app/views/films.html

<h1>Star Wars Films</h1>
<div class="well" ng-repeat="film in films">
  <h2>{{film.title}}</h2>
  <p>{{film.opening_crawl}}</p>
</div>

Configuring Routes

In app/app.js, let's add the following to the bottom of the file:

.config(['$stateProvider', '$urlRouterProvider', function($stateProvider, $urlRouterProvider) {
  $urlRouterProvider.otherwise('/');

  //define routes
  $stateProvider
  .state('films', {
    url: '/',
    templateUrl: 'views/films.html',
    controller: 'FilmsCtrl'
  });

  //$locationProvider.html5Mode(false).hashPrefix('!');
}]);

Note: Run the app using a local HTTP server.

To add additional routes, just add additional state functions. Remember to define a controller (if necessary) for each page and create content in the related template files. Adding the otherwise condition is handy for redirecting invalid routes.

.config(['$stateProvider', '$urlRouterProvider', function($stateProvider, $urlRouterProvider) {
  $urlRouterProvider.otherwise('/');

  //define routes
  $stateProvider
  .state('films', {
    url: '/',
    templateUrl: 'views/films.html',
    controller: 'FilmsCtrl'
  })
  .state('about', {
    url: '/about',
    templateUrl: 'views/about.html'
  });
}]);

Try it: Take a moment and implement a template for an about page.

Linking to routes

You can link to angular routes using <a> link tags

<a href="/#/about">About Page</a>

Wait, what's this prefix?

You'll see that Angular routes contain a "hashbang" prefix #. This is necessary in order to distinguish between front-end and back-end routes. A route like /about would end up being routed to a server, while Angular knows that /#/about is a front-end route.

We can configure our app to not use the "hashbang", but it will involve some configuration on the server. Specifically for Express, you would want all routes that aren't the root route (/) to send the back index.html.

Passing URL Parameters

Passing URL parameters with angular routes is similar to routes in Express or Rails. First we define a route with a parameter.

.state('showFilm', {
  url: '/films/:id',
  templateUrl: 'views/filmShow.html',
  controller: 'FilmShowCtrl'
})

Then, we can access the parameter in the controller using $stateParams (which must be injected into the controller). So let's add another controller in controllers.js for getting a specific film.

.controller('FilmShowCtrl', ['$scope', '$stateParams', 'Films', function($scope, $stateParams, Films) {
  $scope.film = {};

  Films.get({id: $stateParams.id}, function success(data) {
    $scope.film = data;
  }, function error(data) {
    console.log(data);
  });
}])

Now we need a filmShow.html file in the views folder:

<h1>{{film.title}}</h1>

<div class="well">
  <p>{{film.opening_crawl}}</p>
  <small>Release date: {{film.release_date}}</small>
</div>

<a href="/#/" class="btn btn-primary">&larr; Back</a>

...andddddd we need to add links to views/films.html

<h1>Star Wars Films</h1>

<div class="well" ng-repeat="film in films track by $index">
  <h2><a ng-href="/#/films/{{$index+1}}">{{film.title}}</a></h2>
</div>

Programatically Navigating

You can also cause the angular router to navigate to a new route using $state (another service).

.controller('FilmsCtrl', ['$scope', '$state', 'Films', function($scope, $state, Films) {
  // $scope.films = [];
  //
  // Films.query(function success(data) {
  //   $scope.films = data;
  // }, function error(data) {
  //   console.log(data);
  // });

  //this will redirect to a different state
  $state.go('about');
}])

This can also be used to get the current state, simply by leaving the parenthesis empty.

//returns the current angular state, complete with the URL, template, and controller
$state.current

Resources

- The official Angular router, with less functionality than UI router